The age of Harsha was a trubulent one. Yet, the general life of people was a prosperous one.
In estimating the social life of people during the Harsha, We have to
keep in view the administration of Harsha, for the social life of a
people anywhere in olden days, to some extent was influenced by its
administrative system. Hiuen-Tsang attributes commendable administrative
vigilance to Harsha - made tours of inspection throughout his kingdom,
and promoted benevolent activities like construction and maintenance of
roads, sarais, hospitals, etcl. Hiuen-Tsang states as the government is
generous officals requirements are few. Families are not registered and
individuals are not subject to forced labour contributions the king's
tenants pay one-sixth of the products as the rent."
But talking of justice, cruel punishment continued. Trial by or deal was
common. For offences against social morality, disloyal and inferior
conduct, the punishment ws to cut of the nose, ear, hand, foot or to
banish the offender to another country or into wilderness. Hiuen-Tsnad
maintains that as the government was honestly administrated and the
people lived on good terms the criminal classes was small. But Chinese
pilgrim about whom special care may have been taken by the government
was robbed of his belongings, although he records that according to the
laws of the land severe punishments wre inflicted for cirme. Robbery wsa
considered to be a second treason for which the right hand of the
robber was amputated. But it seems that under the influence of Buddhism
the severity of punishment was mitigated, and criminals were imprisoned
for life.
Talking of political life, in most cases kingshop was hereditary
although at times a king was nominated by his predecessor or elected by
people or nobels. Nandivarman Pallava was raised to the throne by the
mula prakritis. At Thaneshwar the crown was offered to Harsha by a
council of nobles headed by Bhandi. Secondly the tradition that the
welfare of king depends on the welfare of people was still believed in.
Fa-Hien, Hiue-Tsang and Suleiman record that rulers did their best to
live up to this anciant maxim. Fourthly quite a number of important
rulers loved learning and patronized the arts. Harsha, Mahendra varman,
Amoghavarsha I, Bhoja of Dhar somesware III of Kalyan and Ballala Sena
of Bengal were writers of no mean repute. Fitthly, the king was all
important even though has was assisted by Ministers. Manu's
recommendation of council of seven or eight ministers was normally
followed Sixthly the chief source of revenue was land-one-sixth of its
produce. A few other taxes were imposed on ports, ferries, etc. Apart
from taxation, returns from royal lands, mines etc. and tributes from
vassals filled royal coffers. Finally, kingdoms were divided into
smaller units for the convenience of administration. And royal armies
mostly relied on elephants, infantry and cavalry. From the features
delineated above, one can easily deduce that the political structure of
the day did impinge upon the lives of people.
Relating to social life, Hiuen-Tsang metions four chief castes and also
innumerable sub-castes. But Bana mentions that castes mixed freely. Bana
even makes mention of his two brothers born of Shudras. The Chinese
traveler, Hiuen-Tsang, refers to prohibition, widow-remarriage and the
costom of sati. Yet, women were not regarded as inferior to men. Som of
the royal ladies were skilled in music and dancing. Rajyasri sat along
with Harsha and listened to the discourses on Buddhism. Interestingly,
Hiuen-Tsang notes the absence of tailors and shoe-makers; the simplicity
of brahmins and kshatriyas; the luxuries of king's nobels and rich men;
honesty and morality of the people because of the fear of retribution
in life to come: and, suicide of very old men of people afflicted with
incurable diseases in the Ganges. Another interesting point mentioned by
him is the etiquette of lifting the turban as a mark of greeting is
social gatherings. Regarding the temperament of people, the travelers
note that they were hasty and inecisve but moral. The people were not
deceitful by nature and valued their pledges and promises. The country
was prosperous. Vegetables and minerals were abundant. Fish and mutton
were consumed occasionally. Onions and garlic were not much used.
The brahmins and kshatriyas are reported to have led a simple life, but
the nobles and priests led a luxurious life. Hiuen-Tsang calls the
Shudras agriculturists, which is significant. In the earlier texts they
are represented as serving the three higher varnes. The Chinese pilgrim
takes note of untouchables such as scavengers, executioners, etc. They
lived outside the villages and consumed garlic and onion. The
untouchables announced their entry into the town by shouting loudly so
that people might keep awap from them.
Coming to the cultural life of people, we cannot ignore the contribution
of Harsha to it. Probably Harsh wrote the three dramas Ratnavali,
Priadarshika and Nagananda in Sanskrit. The Chinese traveler, I-Tsing
recorded that Harsh versified the story of Jimutayahana in Nagananda and
extremely fond of literature. It is contended that the Banskhera and
Madhuban copper-plate inscriptions were probably composed by Harsha
himself. The other works attributed to him are the two Sanskrit stotras
in praise of the Buddha and a work on grammer. Besides Harsha, Bana was
the Chief poet who wrote Hadembari and is also supposed to have written
the'Parvati-parinay' and the Chandiskata, A writer Mayura was a master
of erotic poetry. A other literary figure was Matanga Divakara.
Apart from royal court, the sylvan ashramas were the centers of
intellectual activity. Bana records a detailed account of the ashrama of
the Buddhist saga Divakaramitra in the Vindhyas. Hiuen-Tsand credits
the people of the middle country with clearness and correctness of
speech. According to him children were taught the five subjects of
grammer, mechanical arts, medicine, logic and philosophy from the
seventh year onwards. He was all praise for the great scholars of the
day. Among educational centers the most famous was the Nalanda
university. It attained international repute. It was patronized by
Kumaragupta I, and also by Hrasha. The famous teachers of the university
were Dignaga, Dharmapala and Shilabhara. The teacher, Dharmapala,
originally belonged to the city of Kanchi and wrote books on Buddhist
logic and metaphysics. It was during the time of Shilabhadra that
Hiuen-Tsang visited Nalanda. Even though the university was a Mahayana
institution, brahminical subjects like the Vadas were included in the
curriculum. Those who sought admission in the university were examined
by the keepers of the gate. It is said that not more than 20 per cent of
candidates could pass this examination of the gate-keepers. There was
no fee for education. Boarding lodging and clothing were free. The
university derived its revenues from the villages granted to it by
royalty. During the time of Hiuen-Tsang there were about 10,000 student
and women were also included in it. I-Tsing says that the discipline was
strict at Nalanda. Sanskrit was the medium of instruction. The method
of teaching was primarily tutorial even though there were some lectures.
Time was regulated by a water-clocl. I-Tsing says that there were eight
halls and 300 rooms in this university. It possessed an observatory and
a laboratory also.
With regard to art, the Guptam style was continued. Hiuen-Tsang refers
to a copper statute of the Buddha. The brick temple of Laxmana at Surpur
is one of the most beautiful in India, unsurpassed in the richness and
refinement of its ornaments.
Talking of religion, it was a remarkable era. In the Gupta period
brahminism re-asserted itself. The reading of the Gita was popular with
intelligentsia. The leader of Hindu reformation Sankara, in the 8th
century, commented on the Gita. By the time of Alberuni it was so
popular that Alberuni quotes the text of the Gita.
Nevertheless, Hinduism, of the Gupta age witnessed a set-back some
developed the dectrine of mimamsa. The doctrine was quite ancient but it
became popular with prabhakara at the end of the sixth century. Another
great exponent of it was Kumarila in the 7th century. Another doctrine
imprimarily concerned with the technique of thought, that is, it is only
concerned with rituals. 'The Mimamsa lives in a world of self-revealed
Vedas and is concerned only with correct performance of the rites as
laid down". This doctrine was poles apart from popular puranic religion
of people. Also, it contradicts the idea of a popular personal deity
which is to be realized either through bhakti or yoga. Luckily this
barren ritualism was attacked by Sankara in the 8th century. Here we
must also note that Buddhism was on the declire. Hiuen-Tsang notes the
dacay of Buddhism even though he was not conscious of it. But Buddhism
gained popularity in Kanara, in certain parts of UP and in Bengal.
Thus, there is nothing unique about the life of people during the age of
Harsha. The creative urge witnessed in the Gupta period continued. Yet,
as the future was to prove, the quiet greatness of this age was only as
afterglow.
