22. CHIDAMBARAM a town in south Arcot district in Tamilnadu is
famous for its great Hindu Siva Temple dedicated to Nataraja, i.e. Siva
in his aspects of cosmic dance. The Nataraja sculptures are esteemed as
tehgreatest specimens of sculpture in the world. Also, Chidambaram bears
evidence to the birth as well as the development of Shaivism to begin
with insouthern Indian and its consequential spread to the whole of
India.
23. CHEDI OR CHETI one of the 16 Janapadas of 6th century B.C.
roughly corresponds to modern Bundelkhand and adjacent tracts. It lay
near the Kanuna, its metropolis was suktimati to Sottihivatinagar.
24. CAAMPA the capital city of the Anga Janapada on the border
of Bengal was of great commercial importance in ancient times; for it
was a river port from which ships would sail down the Ganges and the
coast the south India, returning with jewels and spices which were much
in demand in the North. By Mauryan times, with the eastward expansion of
Aryan culture, Tamralipti replaced in in importance. An interesting
feature of this is the fact that a Hindu Kingdom with the same name came
into existence in the mainland of South east Asia. Indeed it is
difficult to say how exactly this name came to be transplanted in
South-east Asia.
25. DASAPURA modern Mandasor in western Malwa, was disputed
between the Sakas and the Satavahanas. Its famous Siva temple of the
guild of Silk weavers, was built during the reign of kumar Gupta I (414
A.D.-455 A.D.) the institution that is responsible for building the
Siva temple indicates the climax of Indian trading and commercial
activities in ancient Indian. It also reveals that manufacture of silk
was no longer the secret monopoly of China and it had taken roots in
India by the 5th century A.D.
26. DEVAKA modern Dokak in Nowgong district in Assam, a frontier
country which paid tribute to Samudragupta claiming the payment of
tribute by Kamarupa goes along with Devaka. However, it is to be borne
in mind that Harisena's Prasasti is of doubtful historical validity. The
one significant thing that is known is the fact that no ruler of the
northern India could ever conquer the Assam region but instead Burma
conquered it and it was wrenched from Burma by the British in 1829 by
the Treaty of Yandavoo.
27. DEOGARH in Jhansi district of U.P. is famous for its
Dasvatara Vishnu temple belonging to the Gupta period. The temple may be
considered as most respresentative and well known example of the early
sikhara style of temple architecture in example of the early sikhara
style of temple architecture on the panels of its walls. Deogarh is one
the temples with which began the temple architecture of India. In
particular, the Shikhara is the unique feature of the northerntemples
compared to those of southern Indian.
28. DWARAKA Legends associate this place toYadavas after the
battle of Kurukshetra. According to mythology Dwaraka was destroyed by
the huge tidal wave as per the forewarning of Lord Krishna. In very
recent times Dr. S.R.Rao with the cooperation of the Department of
Ocenography, did carry out under-sea explorations. Some artifacts
including stone anchors have been found dating back to the Harappan
period. The exploration is still continuing.
29. ELLORA With three distinct groups of rock-cut architecture
associated with Buddhism, Jainism and Brahmanical Hinduism, is famous
for its temple of Kailash (Siva) "an entire temple complex completely
hewn-out of the live rock in imitation of a distinctive structural
form". The temple ws built by the Rashtrakuta king Krishna I (758-773
A.D.) and is one of the most magnificent examples of Dravida
architecture with its four principal characteristic components, viz.
Vimana, Mandapa, nandi mandapa and gopuram. The Ellora sculptures are
famous for their liveliness.
30. ERAN Besnagar district (Madhya Pradesh) is famous on account
of Eran Inscriptions dated 510 A.D. This inscription mentions the
practice of Sati, first of its kind. It is also famous for its colossal
board, the zoomorphic incarnation of Lord Vishnu.
31. ELEPHANTA beautiful little island off Bombay, with latest
cavetemples in Ellora style was famous for their sculpture, especially
the great Trimutti figure of Siva, emblem of the Maharashtar Govt.
representing the highest plastic expression of the Hindu concept of
divinity.
32. GANDHARA with Taxila and peshwar as two capitals, in earlier
and later ancient periods was one of the 16 Janapadas (6th century B.C.)
onthenorth-western frontier of India. Under the Kushans it become a
popular center of Mahayana Buddhism and Gandhara art- Indian images both
secular and religious (the Buddha and Lord Krishna) but in long
floating garments, as is the tradition of early Greek sculpture. It was a
meeting ground for several civilizations and mercantile communities
belonging to different countries.
33. GORATHAGIRA A hill fortress on the modern Barabar hills in
the Gaya district of Bihar, was attacked by King Kharavela of Kalinga in
the 8th year of his reign. This fact is known from the Hathigumpha
Inscription of king Kharavela.
34. GANGAIKOND-CHOLA-PURAM was capital city of the greatest Chola
ruler Rajendra Chola I (1012-1044 A.D.) who built it after the
successful Chola military camaign upto the bank of the river Ganges in
1021-22. Currently the city lies inruins and its enormous tankshas dried
up.
35. GIRNAR hill near Janagarh in Gujarat, where a Mauryan
governor is said to have built an artificial lake, known as Sudarsana
lake which Rudradaman, the Saka ruler renovated. Rudradaman's Sanskrit
Inscription was located here and it is the first Sanskrit inscription It
had been a sacred place to the Jainas since remote times because Jain
shrines are also located here.
36. HASTINAPURA aim district Meerut in U.P. (known as Asandivant)
was the capital of the ancient tribe of the Kurus. Later the floods
destroyed it. Recent excavations prove that the people of this region
used iron by about 700 B.C. that is the Aryans had learnt the art of
making iron which revolutionized the whole socio-economic pattern of
Aryan communities. It was this fact that lay at the base of the Economic
Revolution that India passed through between 1000 B.C. to 600 A.D. with
far too many consequences like the emergence of an empire, various
kinds of guilds, brisk trade both with in and with out the country and
links with buth South-east Asia and the Roman empire.
37. HATHIGUPHA on Udaigir hill, three miles from Bhuvaneshwar in
the puri district of Orissa, is famous for an inscription in
post-ashokan character, engraved inside the elephant cave. It depicts
the meteoric and dazzling carer of Jaina king Kharavela, the 3rd ruler
of the Cate dynasty. It also refers to the building of an equeduct in
Kalinga by one of the Nanda rulers of Pataliputra. The importance of
this inscription lies in the fact that it is the first important
sign-post in fixing the chronology of ancient India.
38. HAILBID is famous for Hoysalesvara temple (Hoysala period)
designed and built by Kedoroja, the master-building of Narasimha I. The
infinite wealth of sculpture over the exterior of this temple makes it
one of the most remarkable monuments of the world. Known as Dwaramudra
it was the capital of the Hoysalas.
39. INDRAPRASTHA identified by Jain scholars with the site around
the enclosure of the Purana Oila (Delhi) one of the sites of painted
Grey Ware (10th century B.C.) finda, was the legendry capital of the
Pandava brothers of the epic Mahabharata, which they lost to the
Kauravas having been defeated in the gambling match. After the second
battle of Tarain (1192) Moh. Gauri appointed Outbuddin Aibak as his
deputy at Indraprastha which became a base for Aibak's successful
operations against north Indian states.
40. KURA one of the 16 Janapadas of 6th century B.C., was in the
neighbourhood of Delhi. Among its towns may be mentioned Indraprastha
and Hastinapur. This place clearly brings home the truth to us that
Mahabharata was not purely fictional story but some amount of historical
evidence is embedded in the story. As a matter of fact, Vasudeve
Krishna is now known as a historical personality as borne out by the
writings of patanjali and other sources of evidence.
41. KAJANGALA in Raj mahal district in Eastern Bihar, where
king Harsha (606-647 A.D.) held his court while campaigning in eastern
India.The Chiense pilgrim Huen-Tsang first saw Harsha here.
42. KAPISA It is the region near Kabul, probably Kipin as
referred to by Chineses writers. The presiding diety of the city
according to Chiense writers was zeus. The Greek god. The gold and
silver coins issued by the Greek kings have been discovered from this
region in big numbers. The Greeks were the first to issue gold coins in
India. These coins testify to the growing trade links between India and
Central Asia and China and also with the Roman world. Far more important
is the fact that these coins testify to the gowing worship of
Vasudeva-krishna or the Bhagavata cult which later repened as
Vaishnavism.
43. KIPIN is identified with Kapisa or Kafirstan in Kashmir.
It indicated the wide region know in earlier times as the Mahajanapada
of Kamboja. It was ruled by the Sakas, the Kushans and the Hunas in
succession. The name Kamboja reappears as the name of kamboja, an
important of the mainland of South-East Asia.
44. KAMPILYA was the capital of southern Panchalas, one of
the tribal communities of the Aryans. This fact proves that the Aryans,
to begin with in India, lived as various tribes. The tribes were in
constant war with eachother culminating in the emergence of the Magadha
Empire.
45. KUSAMDHVALA (Patliputara) Gargi-Samhita alludes that in
the 2nd century B.C. the Yavanas (Indo-Bacterians) having reduced
Saketa, Panchala, and Mathura reached kusumdhvana. Demetrios, was, most
probably, the Yavana leader. He was defeated or he retired withouth
fighting.
46. KASI one of the 16 Janapadas of the 6th century B.C. with
its capital of the same name. It was also called Varanasi (69). It
greatly prospered under the rule of Brahmadatta.
47. KOSAL one of the 16 janapadas of the 6th century B.C.
had three different capitals (Saketa, Ayodhya and Sravasti) in three
different periods. It region roughly corresponded to modern oudh.
48. KUSINAGAR (Kusinara ?) moder Kasia, in Gorakhpur district
in UP was a small town where the Buddha attained Mahaparinirvana. It
was one of the two capitals of the Mall Janapada in pre-Buddhists times.
It was visited by Ashoka and the Chinese pilgrim Fa-hien.
49. KANYAKUBJA (Kanauj) on the bank of river Gangas in UP
rose to prominence during the time of Mukhar is, Harsha and
Gujara-Pratiharas. Under the pratiharas, Kanauj successfully resisted
the Arabs. In the 9th century A.D. It was disputed among the Palas of
Bengal, Prathiharas, and the Rashtrakutas. It was situated on a very
important trade-route linking north-Western regions of India with
Prayaga, Kasi, Vaishali, Pataliputra, Rajagriha, Tamralipti.
50. KAUSAMBI identified with the villagesof Kosam near
Allahabad was one of the earliest cities, so prominent that Anand, the
Buddhist monk, though it important enough for a Buddha to die in. Recent
excavation it here unearthed historically and culturally important
terracotta figures. It was built in the shape of a trapezium and was the
capital of the vastse Janapada. One of the Ashokan Pillars was located
here. It was also an inscription of the Kushan monarch.
60. KARNA-SUVARNA : refers to the region of Bengal and some
parts of Bihar and Orrisa, fuled by sasanka in the early 7th century
A.D. Harsha conquered the region from him after 619 A.D.
61. KANHERI In Thana district near Bombay, has rock cut
Chaitya shrines with elaborately decorated railings belonging to the
third century A.D. One inscription of the last great ruler of the
Satavahana dynasty. Yajnasri Satakarni is found here. Kanheri Buddhist
Tank inscription makes mention of Matiemonial relationship between the
Sakas and the Satavahanas. It was the chief center of Buddhism in
Rashtrakuta times. Faint traces of the art of paintings may be traced in
the caves of Kanheri.
62. KANCHI modern canjeevaram, south-west to Madras is
reckoned among the seven sacred cities of the Hindus. It was an
important center of Jaina culture in the first half of the first
millennium A.D. It was one of the south Indian kingdoms conquered by
Samudragupta. It was visited by Huen-Tsang. It rose to prominence in 7th
century A.D. Under the Pallava king. It possesses the famous
Kailashnath temple (built by Pallava King Narsimhavarman - II) and
Vaikuntha perumalla (constructed sometime after the kailashnath). The
Kailashnath temple is a landmark in the development of dravida temple
style with its characteristic components-vimana, mandapa gopuram and an
array of vimanas along the walls of the court, i.e. peristyle cells.
63. KAVERIPATTANAM known as Puhar, was the Chola capital and
chief port in Sangam period (200 B.C.- 300 A.D.) with a large colongy of
foreigners. It was an important trade center. Ships sailing from here
to South-East Asia. A long poem on this Chola capital is the part of the
famous Sangam work pattupattu (Ten Idylls).
64. KURUKSHETRA near Thaneswar, to the north of Delhi in
Haryana, was the site of the great battle of Mahbharata. This battle
fought between the Kauravas and the Pandavas, formed the basis of the
story of the greatness of India epics the Mahabharata. It is in this
great war that Krishna prached his gospel of the Gita, to the Pandava
hero Arjuna who saw his own elders and kishmen arranged himself for the
fith and then early decided to renounce and retire. Krishna gave him the
message of disinterested perfomance of duty i.e. renunciation in action
but no renunciation of action. That a great war ws fought between the
cousin brothers - Kauravas and Pandavas is quite possible.
65. MANYAKHET (modern Malkhed in Hyderabad region) was the capital of Rashtrakuta Amoghavarsha I in the 9th century A.D.
66. MAHABALIPURAM is today a tiny coastal village 65 kms.
south of Madras. This port-city was founded by Pallava king
Narasimhavarman in the 7th century A.D. Pallava kings created an
architecture of their own which was to be the basis of all the styles of
the south. In fact Mahabilipuram, the Pallava art with its monolithic
temples (rathas) and rocks sculptured in the shapes of animals with a
wonderfully broad and powerful naturalism, with whole cliffs worked in
stone frescoes, immenspictures unparalleled at the time in all Indian in
their order movement and lyrical value. The Descent of the Ganges, the
unique masterpiece of Pallava art was surely one of the most remarkable
compositions of all time (in which is portrayed the Ganges coming down
to earth, with gods, animals men and all creation in adoration). The
shore temple built by Rajasimha represents one of the earliest examples
of structural temples. the Pallvava monuments at Mahabalipuram symbolize
not only the transition from rock-architecture to structural stone
temples but also significantly the completion of the "Aryanisation" of
South India during the Pallava period.
67. MADHYAMIKA is identified with Nagari near Chitor in Rajasthan. Patanjali alludes toYavana (Indo-Bacterian) invasion of Madhyamika.
68. MUSHIKAS on the lower Indus with its capital at Alord.
Was the greatest principality at the time of Alexander's invasion. Its
king mousikanas submitted to Alexander after brave resistance.
69. MATIPUR modern Mandawar in district Bijnor of UP was a
center of Hinayana Buddhist studies in the 6th and 7th centuries A.D.
Huen-Tsang stayed here for some time.
70. MADURAI popularly known as the city of festivals, was the
seat of the 3rd Sangam and was till the 14th century the capital of the
Pandyan kingdom which had sea-borne brade with Rome and Greece. It is
famous for the Minakshi temple.
80. MACCHA or Matsaya, was one of the 16 janapads. The
Matsyas ruled to the west of the Jamuna and south of the Kurus. Their
capital was at Viratnagar (modern Bairrat near Jaipur).
81. MALLA was one of the 16 Janapadas of the16th century B.C.
The territory of the Mallas was on the mountain slopes probably to the
north of the vijjain confederation. They had to branches with their
capitals at Kusinagar and Pawa. But in pre-Buddhist time the Mallas were
a monarchy.
82. MUZIRIS modern canganors in Kerala at the mouth of the
river Periyar, an important port in Sangam period (20 B.C. - 300 A.D.)
abounded in ships with cargoes from Arabia and Roman world. Later
literature speaks of Roman settlements and a temple was built here ni
honour of Augustus.
83. NAGARJUNAKONDA is Krishna Velley, harboured a Neolithic
community with stone-axe-culture and primitive mode of agriculture. With
a few classical accidental looking sculptures in proves trade and
culture contacts with the Roman world. Survival of a Buddhist stupa
proves it to be a Buddhist center in early Christian centuries. The
beginning of Hindu temple architecture in south India are best traced in
the remains of the early brick temples of the Ikshavakus excavated here
anticipating the Nagara, Dravida and Vasars styles.
84. NASIK (also known as Naiskya and Govardhan) is famous for
exquisite rock-cut Buddhist temple (of the period 2nd BC - 1st A.D.)
with an engraved iscription of Gautami Balsari recording the achievement
of the Satavahanas ruler Gautamiputra Satakarni). A large board of
silver coins bearing the name, the titles of Nahapana were discovered at
Jogalthambi very close to the Nasik suggesting the defeat of the Saka
ruler bythe Satavahana knig. It is also famous for the Chaitya and Vihar
as pan-du-lonea.
85. PITHUNDA on the Godavari, was the capital of the Avapeople or the Avamukta which was conquered as Samudragupta.
86. PADMAVATI was Nag capital is Gwalior region. Its king Ganapati Naga was defeated by Samudragupta.
87. PRATISHTHANA (Paithan) at the mouth of the river
godavri in the Aurangabad district of Maharashtra, was the capital of
Satavahana kings. It was an important commercial mart linked with
Sravasti.
88. PURUSHPURA (modern Peshawar) was the capital of
Kanishka's vast empire and the center of Gandhara art. It became the
chief center of Buiddhist activity and studies with building of number
of huge Chaityas and viharas and with one stupa. The Chiense pilgrims
refer to a many storied relic-tower in which some relics of Buddha were
enshrined. It is here that the icons of Buddha and other Hindu gods were
first finely carved. In provided the meeting place of the marchants of
India, China, central Asia, Persia, and the Roman world.
89. PATTADAKAL near Aihole Badami is famous for
magnificentrock-cult and sculptures temples in Chalukya and Pallava
style. The number of such temples is ten - four in the northern style
and six in southern. Most famous of these temples is lokesvara temple
(now called Virupaksha).
90. PANCHALA was one of the 16 janapadas of the 6th century
B.C. Its area correspondent to modern Bundelkhand and the portion of the
Central Doab. It had two divisions northern and southern, the Ganges
forming the boundary line. Their capitals were Ahicchatra and Kampilya
respectively. One of the early Panchalas kings, Durmukha, is credited
with conquests in all directions.
91. PUSHKALAVATI i.e. the "city of lotuses' in Afganisthan
to the north of the river Kabul (modern Charasadda) in the district of
Peshawar was conquered by Alexandar. It was the old capital of western
Gandhara. A gold coin (belonging to the 2nd century B.C.) with the city
goddess (Lakshmi) holding a lotus in her right hand and an appropriate
Kharoshthi legend "Pakhalavati devata" had been discovered here pointing
to the popularity of Indian goddess. It remained under the rule of the
Indo-Greeks, the sakas and the Kushana. It was an important link in
India's trade relations with central Asia and China.
92. RAJAGRIHA moder Rajgir, near Patna in Bihar was and
ancient capital of Magadha under Bimbisara and Ajatsatru. It was here
that first Buddhist council was held after the death of Buddha. The
cyclopean walls of the this old commercial town are among themost
remarkable finds in India.
93. SAKALA modern Sialkot, capital of Menander, was the
refuge of Buddhist monks. It was here, according to Buddhist tradition,
that Pushyamitra Sungha declared to give an award of 199 dinars for the
head of a Buddhist monk.
94. SANCHI :near Bhopal famous for a Buddhist stupa and for
one of Ashoka's Minor Pillar Edicts. Sanchi sculptures along with
Bharhut Godh-Gaya represent the first organized art activity of the
Indian People. There are reliefs of the Jatkas on the stone walls around
the stupa. Sanchi revealed historically important inscription of the
Satavahanas and the Gupta kings. Kakanodbota probably was the ancient
name for Sanchi, which was inhabited by the tribal people Kakar, and was
conquered by the Samudragupta.
95. SRAVASTI moder Saket-Mahet on the borders of the Gonda
and the Bahraich districts of U.P. On the river Rapti - It was a famous
center of trade in ancient times, from where three important trade
routes emanated linking it with Rajagriha, Pratishthana, and Taxila. It
was one of the early capitals of the Janapad of Kosal. Later, it served
as the provincial headquarters of the Gupta kings. Fa-hien visited it.
96. SAKETA region around Ayodhya, was invaded by Yavanas (Indo-Bacterin) is attested to by Patanjali.
97. SARNATH near Varanasi, is the place where the Buddha
delivered his frist sermon in the Deer park, this event being known as
the "Turning of the Wheel of Law". It is the site of the famous Ashokan
Pillar of Polished sand-stone whose lion capital was adopted by the
people of Free India as the state emblem. It was also the famous seat of
Gupta sculpture. Gupta plastic art reached its perfection e.g. the
seated Buddha in preaching posture.
98. SRAVANA-BELGOLA in Hasan district of Karnataka, is famous
for the monolithic statue of Gometeswara- 85fit. High, erected in 980
A.D. by Chemundya Rai, the chief minister of the Ganga king Rachmal.
99. SOPARA port town known to the Periplus and ptolmey,
carried most of the ancient Indian trade with foreign countries;
gradually it began to lose its importance to Berygaza and Barharium- Ist
century A.D. onwards. It ahs survived as a village 40 miles north of
Bombay.
100. TOSALI (Dhauli) near Bhuaneshwar in Puri district of
Orissa, was the seat of one of the Mauryan viceroyalties as well as one
of the fourteen major rock edicts of Ashoka. The Tosali rock edict
refers only to the conquered province.
101. TRIPURI now village near Jabalpur, was the capital of
the Kalachuri dynasty. The Kalachuri kings became independent in 10th
century A.D. In 1939, Tripuri had the distinction of being the venue of
the 54th session of Indian National congress.
102. TAMRALIPTI Tamluk in the Midnapur district of Western
Bengal was one of the most important port-towns of ancient India. Outlet
to south-east Asia when there was trade boom.
103. TANJORE is famous for Rajarajeswava or Brihadeswara
temple of lord Shiva which is the largest and tallest of all India
temples with its vimana towering to a height of nearly 200 feet over the
Garbhagriha with Pyramidal body in thirteen tiers. It was the seat of
Chola government in the 9th century A.D. and later of an independent
kingdom after the fall of ther Vijayanagar Empire. Weight of the cap 80
tonnes. Conceived on a gigantic scale. Stone relief as minute as that of
jewelers.
104. THANESWAR near Kurukshetra, to the north of Delhi in the
province of Haryana, was the capital of the Pushyabhuti dynsty. The
kingdom of thanesar emerged into a powerful state under Harsha's
(606-647 A.D.) father, Prabhakarvardhan who was in constant warfare
against the Huns on the frontier and with the rulers of Malwa. Harsha
shifted his capital from Thaneswar to Kannauj. According to Heun-Tsang
the people of this city were specially inclined to trade. Thus thanesar
was a principal center of trade. It was attacked by Mahmud of Ghazni in
1014 A.D. it is here that ahmad Shah Abdali first defeated the Maratha
army in 1759 boding to the Maratha collapse at Panipat in 1761.
105. UJJAIN in Madhya pradesh was the capital of Avanti (6th
century B.C.) and Chandragupta II, and was one of the provincial
capitals of the Mauryas. It was the modal point of two ancient trade
routes, one from Kausambui and the other from Mathura, its chief exports
being agate, jasper and carnelian. It has an observatory built by
Maharaja Savai Jai Sing II (1686-1743).
106. URAIYUR also known as Aragaru,on the river Kavari, was
for some time the Sangam chola capital, was famous for its pearls and
muslin, the latter being as think as the slough of the snake.
107. UTTARMERUR is a village of Tamil Nadu where nearly two
hundred inscriptions belonging to Pallava and Chola periods indicating
the nature and working of the village administration have been found.
According to Uttarmerur inscriptions Pallava and Chola villages enjoyed
maximum of autonomy inadministrative matters with popular village
assemblies like the Ur, Sabha, Mahasabha or Nagaram looking after the
village affains without any interference from royal officers. The
village of Uttarmerur was divided in thirty wards.
108. VATSGULMA modern Basim in the Ahoka district in the
South of Ajanta, was the capital of a Junior branch of the Vakatakas who
are mentioned in the Ajanta cave inscriptiona No. XVI.
109. VIDISA modern Besnagar, near Bhilsa, in East Malwa, was a
part of Sunga empire with Agnimitra, the sone of Pushyamitra Sunga as
viceroy. The Vidisa guild of ivory worker was famous for these workers
carved the stone sculpture on the gateways and railings surrounding the
Sanchi Stupa. It indicates commercial prosperity. It was also famous for
the Garuda Pillar Inscription which testified its erection by a Greak
ambassabor named Heliodorus in honour of Vasudeva Krishna, the god of
the Bhagavatas.
110. VAISHALI indentified with modern Basali in Muzaffarpur
district of Bihar, was apulent and prosperous town in the Buddhist
period. The second Buddhist Councial was held here. It served as the
capital of lichchavis. Later, Ajatsatru annexed it to this kingdom.
Ambapali, the famous charming courtesan, lived here and hosted to the
Buddha at one time and later she became a convert to Buddhism.
111. VENGI (in Andhra Pradesh) one of the south Indian
kingdoms probably joined the Sangha conquered by Samudragupta. It was
the capital of the eastern Chalukyas, and was disputed between the
Chalukyas and the Pallavas.
